Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are the core of almost every electronics project. They read inputs, process data and control outputs. Choosing the right platform depends on performance, peripherals, power requirements and ecosystem support. This article provides a practical overview of the most common microcontroller families used in hobby, education and light industrial applications. 8-bit Atmega (Arduino classic) Typical […]

The Atmega and Attiny series from Microchip (formerly Atmel) are 8-bit AVR microcontrollers widely used in embedded systems and the Arduino ecosystem. They are known for their simplicity, predictable behavior and strong community support. This article provides a detailed technical overview of the most relevant AVR devices used in modern hobby and educational projects, including

The ESP8266 and ESP32 families from Espressif are among the most important wireless microcontroller platforms used in modern Arduino-compatible projects. They combine microcontroller functionality with integrated WiFi, and in most ESP32 variants also Bluetooth or other wireless protocols. This article compares the ESP8266, ESP8285 and the most relevant ESP32 generations, including the classic ESP32, ESP32-S3,

The STM32 family from STMicroelectronics is a large and highly versatile range of 32-bit microcontrollers based on ARM Cortex-M cores. These devices are widely used in industrial, commercial and advanced hobby projects due to their performance, efficiency and extensive peripheral set. This article provides a structured overview of the STM32 ecosystem, focusing on the most

The RP2040 and RP2350 microcontrollers from Raspberry Pi represent a modern class of low-cost, high-performance microcontrollers without integrated wireless features. They are designed as general-purpose controllers with strong I/O capabilities, flexible hardware interfaces and excellent software support. These devices are often considered successors to traditional 8-bit microcontrollers such as Atmega, offering significantly higher performance while

The nRF series from Nordic Semiconductor focuses on low-power wireless microcontrollers and RF transceivers. These devices are widely used in battery-powered systems, IoT devices, wearables and wireless sensors. Unlike ESP32-class devices, nRF microcontrollers prioritize low power consumption and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) instead of high-performance WiFi connectivity. Architecture Overview Most modern nRF microcontrollers are based